At the border crossing between Morocco and the Spanish exclave Ceuta, the atmosphere remains tense. Because various calls are circulating on social media to once again cross the border en masse, security forces have been deployed on the Moroccan side.
There is still much speculation in international politics and media about the causes of last week's unprecedented crossing of migrants. What is hardly in doubt is that many Moroccans are dissatisfied with their existence and future prospects. This while the North African country has actually experienced significant economic growth over the past twenty years.
Economic growth
The rapid development of the Moroccan economy is especially visible in the brand-new infrastructure in the country. The construction of new highways has drastically shortened travel times to the far corners of the country. Since 2018, there has also been the high-speed train Al Boraq, which connects Morocco's old economic heart, the cities Casablanca and Rabat, with the new engine of the Moroccan economy: Tangier.
The city overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar and the Spanish mainland has expanded considerably in the past twenty years. Much investment has been made in attracting large textile companies and car manufacturers from both Europe and China. The relatively low wages in Morocco and the proximity of the container port Tanger Med make it especially attractive for companies to bring production for the European market here.
Figures from the International Monetary Fund show that the Moroccan economy has grown about 2.5 times in size over twenty years, but dissatisfaction among the Moroccan population seems greater than ever.
At the edge of the industrial area Tanger Free Zone, the taxi stand is packed with people waiting for transport to work. Among them is 32-year-old Youssef from Tangier, who has worked in a textile factory for ten years. "The wages are far too low compared to the cost of living. With 4000 dirhams (about 400 euros) a month, you don't get far anymore. My rent alone costs me 2000 dirhams; the rest of the salary goes on food."
According to Youssef, it is also a problem that sometimes there is no work. When factory production is scaled back or halted, workers are sent home and lose wages.
Migration paradox
That economic progress leads to a stronger desire to leave the country seems contradictory. Yet according to migration expert Hein de Haas, this is an effect that often occurs in countries undergoing rapid growth. "This is called the migration paradox. It is partly the success of literacy and education in Morocco. Once you have gone to school, you are no longer satisfied with a simple job or working on the farm. Then you have other ambitions."
De Haas has mainly researched migration from Morocco over the past thirty years. According to him, it is conceivable that the desire to leave, which many Moroccans feel, will decrease again in the future.
"Morocco is now at a peak moment, a development level at which you can expect migration to be very high. If the economy in Morocco does very well in the coming decade, this, combined with a declining birth rate, could cause Moroccan emigration to decrease."
The sociologist also says that the reduction of poverty in Morocco contributes to the increase in emigration. "Migrating is expensive. You often see that in poor countries that become somewhat richer, more people can afford to migrate financially."
Although the group of Moroccans who have money to leave the country has grown, this is mainly not feasible for young Moroccans due to low wages and insecure working conditions. Many of them therefore saw the collapse of border control at Ceuta as an opportunity to get to Europe at the lowest possible cost.
The 20-year-old Adnan was one of the roughly 60,000 migrants who thought to seize this chance last week. He is now back in Tetouan and has resumed his work as a hairdresser. "Here we can basically only eat and drink. Thinking about your future makes no sense; we are stuck in the present. When my friends and I heard that the border at Ceuta was open, we thought: let's just go there, on a whim."