In the Northern Irish town of Portadown, a controversial parade was supposed to take place again yesterday after 28 years. The so-called Orange March, in which only 35 members of the Protestant, pro-British Orange Order were allowed to participate, was to be held along Garvaghy Road, a largely Catholic area mainly inhabited by pro-Irish nationalists.
About 2,000 counter-demonstrators blocked the parade route, resulting in a standoff lasting several hours until the march could no longer proceed.
Although the protest itself was relatively peaceful, many police officers were deployed to create a buffer zone between supporters and opponents of the parade. The Northern Ireland minister cut short his visit to a party conference to travel to Northern Ireland, and British Prime Minister Burnham called on all parties to remain calm. "Great progress has been made in Northern Ireland and we do not want the situation to deteriorate," he said.
To understand why this particular parade caused so much tension, we must first go back to the previous century.
After the war of independence between England and Ireland, Northern Ireland became part of the United Kingdom. But not everyone was satisfied with that: a conflict arose between the predominantly Catholic republicans who advocated for a united Ireland and the predominantly Protestant unionists who wanted Northern Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom.
Between 1969 and 1998, the tensions resulted in a bloody civil war in Northern Ireland, in which more than 3,500 people lost their lives and over 40,000 were injured. That period is known as The Troubles.
Struggle for civil rights
But the struggle was more than a religious conflict. In Londonderry, for example, called Derry by the republicans, Catholics in the 1960s could not claim social housing and were discriminated against in the labor market.
Fewer Catholics had voting rights: to be eligible to vote in local elections, one had to be a homeowner, and most homeowners were Protestant. Electoral districts were also drawn so that Protestants retained the majority in the city council.
Londonderry or Derry became the epicenter of the Northern Irish civil rights movement. In 1968, the first civil rights protest took place in the city, during which the British police acted harshly. More protests and riots followed in Northern Ireland, with 1969 as a turning point. During major riots in Belfast, eight people were killed and 130 were injured.
At the same time, more nationalists joined the Irish Republican Army (IRA), a paramilitary nationalist organization. Between 1969 and 1998, the IRA regularly planted car bombs causing dozens of deaths and hundreds of injuries.
On April 10, 1998 (Good Friday), the governments of the United Kingdom and Ireland signed a peace agreement about the future of Northern Ireland, bringing an end to the civil war.
Orange March is stopped
Back to the Orange March of the pro-British, Protestant unionists. The parade often led to violence in the 1990s and was therefore banned since the 1998 Peace Agreements.
Members of the Orange Order, which organizes the parade, challenged the ban in court and won last month. The Northern Ireland Parades Commission therefore gave permission last Friday for the march for the first time in 28 years, under strict conditions. For example, the parade had to be held in the morning, only 35 people were allowed to participate, and no marching bands were permitted.
The decision was not well received by many local residents, and about 2,000 opponents gathered yesterday to protest. The opponents received support from Northern Ireland's First Minister Michelle O'Neill of the Irish nationalist party Sinn Féin. She had encouraged counter-demonstrators to "hold on" and stay on the streets at least until midnight.
Still tensions
The emotions surrounding the parade reveal how sensitive the situation in Northern Ireland still is. Prime Minister O'Neill told The Guardian that residents feared a return to the 1990s. She added that the parade "raises questions about the functioning of the entire peace process."
On the other hand, unionists are now calling for her resignation. The protest against the parade was not reported or approved by the Parades Commission, and the police had warned demonstrators they could be arrested for blocking the road. Therefore, unionists say that O'Neill and other party members have broken the law.
Welsh politician Chris Bryant, the new minister for Northern Ireland, called for calm and urged both camps to engage in dialogue.
The Orange Order tried to hold the parade this morning anyway but was stopped by the police.
Correspondent for the United Kingdom and Ireland Arjen van der Horst made this video in 2023 on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the signing of the Good Friday Agreement: