Burning coal leads to unhealthy air pollution and emits greenhouse gases that warm the earth, even more than oil and natural gas.
When people make plans to tackle climate change, they want to get rid of coal first. Yet in practice, this proves difficult.
Never before has the world used as much coal as last year. This year, the record seems set to be broken again.
Coal replaces natural gas
Five years ago, countries promised at the climate summit in Glasgow to reduce usage. At the climate summit in Turkey this week, countries have gathered again and must conclude that it still has not happened.
At the end of last year, the International Energy Agency (IEA) still predicted a slight decline. In September, the organization had to revise this. Now the IEA estimates that coal use will increase by more than 1 percent. Other research also sees an increase, but a slightly smaller one.
The Iran war gave coal a significant boost. This conflict led to a huge disruption of energy flows through the Strait of Hormuz. That hardly affects coal, but it helps the fuel via a detour. Due to the disruption, less liquefied natural gas, or LNG, passes through the Strait of Hormuz. Worldwide, there is less available for sale and the gas that is available is more expensive.
This influences companies' choices. To generate electricity, you can use both natural gas and coal. "Gas and coal power plants can thus compensate for each other," says Daan Walter, researcher at energy think tank Ember. "If gas prices become high, you prefer to burn coal." That is not possible everywhere. You must have coal power plants that have room to generate extra electricity.
Two countries where this happened explicitly were Pakistan and Bangladesh. "Pakistan does not receive LNG supply from Qatar," says Walter, "and so coal use goes up. Why? Because they have had many coal power plants built by China." Previously, these operated a limited number of hours and could easily step in.
Also in the Netherlands
Outside of that, Poland, South Korea, and Japan partially replaced natural gas with coal. The Netherlands also burned more coal than in both 2024 and 2025. This has already led to cautious discussion in The Hague about the future of coal power plants that are legally not allowed to burn coal anymore from 2030.
Not every increase was, according to Walter, due to high gas prices. In Vietnam and India, drought led to hydropower plants producing less electricity. Especially emerging countries use more electricity year after year and have to generate more and more. Considering how much gas prices rose, Walter finds the extent to which countries switched still moderate.
Walter expects that the current revival of coal will prove temporary. In the European Union, coal use has been steadily declining for years. After Russia's large-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, gas prices rose to astronomical heights. Then European countries used more coal for electricity generation for a while, but after that shock, the decline simply continued.
Short-term effect
"In the short term, countries add some coal, because then the lights do not have to go out," says Walter. "In the long term, we will add solar and wind energy." He also expects that renewable energy will gain ground compared to both gas and coal after the shock. When exactly the peak will come is hard to say, but in the long term analysts expect a worldwide decline in coal use.
Last year was again a warning for countries that importing energy makes them vulnerable to its loss or to price shocks. Countries with large amounts of coal in the ground know they can rely on that. They also appear to invest more money in coal. According to the IEA, since 2012 there has not been so much investment in coal, especially in China.
According to Walter, you have to look carefully at exactly what is being invested in. China is still building coal power plants. Although they will operate less and less, he expects. China increasingly uses them as a 'backup' when there is no wind or sun. There is hardly any investment in coal mines. According to Walter, this illustrates that investors realize the revival will be short-lived.
"It is a kind of sugar rush for coal power plants. We can now temporarily turn them up and make money because gas is expensive," says Walter. "But they all know that after the sugar rush comes the crash. Then you do not want to have invested in new coal mines."