The video that circulated on social media was fake, unbelievable, of poor quality and obviously crafted with AI. Yet Raphaël Glucksmann sounded the alarm last summer and filed a complaint. The center-left candidate for the French presidential elections received the dubious honor of also being targeted by a Russian disinformation campaign.
He is not the first, and very likely not the last candidate to face this in the run-up to the elections. Disinformation from Russia is part of the hybrid war that the French government has warned about several times recently.
"In the run-up to the presidential elections, we must no longer be naive," said Foreign Minister Jean-Noël Barrot last month. "Attempts at manipulation and interference will increase as the elections approach."
France Often Threatened
According to research by the European Commission, France was last year — after Ukraine — the European country most frequently threatened by foreign disinformation campaigns. For France, this was no surprise. Already in 2021, a special government agency was established, called Viginum, which detects and combats foreign interference.
"Nowadays there are no elections without foreign interference," says Hervé Letoqueux, head of the research network Checkfirst. He was previously head of operations at Viginum. "But at this moment we do not yet know the actual effect of these campaigns. That is why we prefer to speak about the possible risks."
Foreign interference could lead to elections being declared invalid, as happened earlier in Romania. "That is certainly something we must take into account," says Letoqueux. "For example, candidates saying they have become victims of a disinformation campaign and that it has had an influence."
Storm-1516 and Matryoshka
Viginum has conducted extensive research in recent years into Russian disinformation networks. The two best known are Storm-1516 and Matryoshka, the latter named after the Russian wooden dolls. "In every fake message there is other fake news," explains Letoqueux. "And other accounts pick that up again. This way fact-checkers are overwhelmed with work and the real information drowns under disinformation."
In the fake video for which presidential candidate Glucksmann filed a complaint, his wife, the well-known presenter Léa Salamé, is accused of wanting to bribe journalists to portray her husband positively. In the video, the voice of investigative journalist Edwy Plenel is supposedly heard, denouncing the alleged corruption.
"The story was completely false," says Plenel from the newsroom of Mediapart, the investigative platform he founded. "I immediately shared that on social media."
The fake video is, according to researcher Letoqueux, typical of the working method of Storm-1516. "No one believes these videos, but they can have an effect. It is not about whether people believe it. The most important thing is that the line between real and fake blurs. At some point, you no longer know what is true and what is not."
According to his campaign team, Glucksmann has already been targeted multiple times by foreign interference. "Our party stands for a France that is strong and pro-European," says his right-hand man, MEP Thomas Pellerin-Carlin. "That is a problem for Russia, but also for China and the US. The French presidential elections are crucial for the future of Europe because France is the last EU member state with its own nuclear weapons."
Marine Le Pen, Glucksmann's main opponent, chooses a different course. One that suits Russia well. Just yesterday, she said in a speech in Brussels that she wants to stop financial support to Ukraine if she is elected president. She also wants to drastically reduce France's contribution to the EU.
Democracy at Stake
Investigative journalist Plenel is concerned about the consequences of disinformation campaigns for journalism. "Our job is to bring the truth to light. But we also have opponents: journalists who go along with rumors and fake news. Because of this, something is truly at stake for democracy: the risk that the dictatorship of opinions takes over from the truth."
In the run-up to the elections, Glucksmann's party, Place Publique, chooses a strategy where they still have influence over their own message: reaching voters, going out on the streets. "Our answer to fake news and digital interference is precisely real contact," says Pellerin-Carlin. "By talking to each other and looking each other straight in the eyes, without a screen in between. This way we ensure that France remains a free country, where the French decide their own future."