Severe cramps, unbearable pain, or an early period. Thousands of women in France say their menstrual cycle has been seriously disrupted after being exposed to tear gas at recent protests. A scientific link between severe menstrual complaints and tear gas has not been established, but the call to stop using the substance is growing.
The French police have frequently used tear gas at large-scale protests against the state of education and rising living costs. On October 17, as many as 22,000 tear gas grenades were deployed against demonstrators, says Interior Minister Nunez. Police also used tear gas at protests last week.
Complaints collected
After hearing stories from women experiencing abnormal menstrual complaints following exposure to tear gas, Eva Luna Tholance founded the collective Lacrymos de sang (Blood Tear Gas) on October 8. More than 10,000 women from all over France have since reported their experiences.
Tholance says she is shocked that so many women report the same complaints. "Women experience mild pain to the worst cramps of their lives. But also severe bleeding, causing some to require hospital care." Sometimes the complaints occur within 48 hours, says Tholance. "We do not know what the long-term consequences are. That has not been researched."
Lacrymo de sang also says it has received many reports from women with complaints who did not participate in protests. They were, for example, walking their dog or had opened a window. "Tear gas does not discriminate; it affects everyone," says Tholance.
'Unbearable pain'
French women are also sharing their stories on social media. "On October 17, I was at a demonstration where tear gas was used," says a young woman in a TikTok video. She says she briefly came into contact with tear gas, which was enough to cause watery eyes and a burning throat.
"I went home afterwards and the next evening, about 28 hours after exposure, I experienced very severe cramps. I have never had such pain in my life."
Another woman says on Instagram that she unexpectedly got her period a day after a protest this month. Despite medication for the pain, which she calls "unbearable," she was unable to get out of bed. She reported her complaints to the platform Lacrymos de sang.
Professor of clinical and forensic toxicology Eric Franssen is surprised by the reports and calls them serious. Yet he is cautious about drawing a direct link between tear gas and menstrual complaints because there has been too little research.
"Tear gas is actually a powder that is aerosolized into small particles that irritate nerves and mucous membranes. This causes tears in the eyes and itching. In some cases, blistering of the skin occurs and the substance can cause an allergic reaction."
There are different types of tear gas. In the Netherlands, mainly CS gas is used, says Franssen, affiliated with the University of Amsterdam. This type of tear gas is also used in France.
Voluntary registrations
In 2020, a Scottish university conducted research into the effects of tear gas on women who participated in the Yellow Vest demonstrations in France. The study suggested a link between exposure to tear gas and menstrual complaints.
In the United States, a doctor decided to conduct research a year later after several American women reported changes in their menstrual cycle. They had come into contact with tear gas at Black Lives Matter protests in Portland, Oregon, in 2020.
More than 54 percent of the 1,650 respondents reported problems with menstruation. Most complaints involved increased menstrual cramps and heavy bleeding. According to the study, symptoms mainly occurred in women who were exposed to tear gas for multiple days.
In another American study from 2023, 83 percent of the 1,276 respondents reported complaints such as cramps, tender breasts, and an early period after police used tear gas at protests.
However, participants in the studies voluntarily signed up and completed questionnaires themselves. The women did not undergo medical examinations to establish menstrual complaints or a possible link with tear gas.
Stress
Although all three studies suggest a link, they also point to other factors that may play a major role in the disruptions, says Franssen, such as stress.
"You are chased by the police at a demonstration. That adrenaline rush and stress can also lead to a disturbed menstrual cycle," says the professor. "It is an interplay in the body where all those things can have an effect. That makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions."
According to Franssen, there is a knowledge gap. He therefore calls for more research. "It does say something that there is little knowledge about this issue."
It has long been known that care for women lags behind that for men. In recent years, there has been increasing attention to female-specific health problems in research and treatment.
Deaf ears
Tholance of Lacrymos de sang also calls for more research. But she does not believe stress is the main cause. Her collective wants the French government to stop using tear gas until more is known about its effects. But that demand is currently falling on deaf ears.
Interior Minister Nunez defended the use of tear gas last week after questions in parliament about the effects of tear gas on women. According to him, officers "must be able to defend themselves when attacked at demonstrations."
He also said he "was not aware of the harmful nature of tear gas." According to him, the effects of tear gas are short-lived. "Therefore, I will not suspend the use of tear gas."