Many ultra-Orthodox Jews in Israel continue to resist military conscription. For them, studying the Torah is the most important thing. Meanwhile, several opposition leaders are clear: the ultra-Orthodox must also join the army. This makes conscription an important issue again in the run-up to the Israeli elections at the end of October.
"If you study the holy texts all day, then that is the most important thing you can do at that moment. Then you should not concern yourself with other matters," says 29-year-old Chilik Rosenberg. He has never served in the military.
Rosenberg shows the yeshiva where he studied. That is a religious school where young men study the Torah and the Talmud, among other things. Inside, hundreds of ultra-Orthodox men dressed in black suits and white shirts have their noses in the books.
Almost everyone in this yeshiva is subject to conscription. But Rosenberg prefers not to discuss such sensitive topics here. "This is a place where we study together, here we do not talk about everyday matters."
'Supernatural'
At his home, Rosenberg says he is convinced that by studying the Torah you actually contribute to the defense of Israel. "It is something supernatural that we have survived all those thousands of years of exile. That Hezbollah did not infiltrate from the north on October 7, 2023, that Iran did not immediately get involved and such things. That is because we study the Torah, follow the commandments and with the help of God."
When Israel was founded in 1948, Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion made an agreement with the ultra-Orthodox community: a small group of religious students could be exempted from military service to study the Torah. At that time it concerned hundreds of students, but now there are tens of thousands and expected to be even more in the future. A report from the Israel Democracy Institute shows that by 2050 nearly one in four Israelis will be part of the ultra-Orthodox community.
In 2024, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that there is no longer a legal basis to exempt ultra-Orthodox yeshiva students from conscription. The State must therefore call them up. But of the tens of thousands of ultra-Orthodox men who are subject to conscription by law, only a small portion report.
This regularly causes tensions. At demonstrations against conscription, ultra-Orthodox protesters block roads and there are frequent confrontations with the police.
Conscription for everyone
With the elections at the end of October in sight, many opposition leaders have a clear position. They want conscription to apply to everyone and for it to be enforced. Gadi Eisenkot, according to recent polls the main challenger to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, said earlier this month in an interview that "there is a bill ready for all Israeli citizens regarding military, national and civil service."
Also, candidate Prime Minister Naftali Bennett recently wrote on X that in a next government under his leadership everyone will be mobilized. "Without exemptions and without tricks," he added.
Bennett possibly refers with "tricks" to Netanyahu, who in recent years tried through various loopholes to arrange exemptions from military service for ultra-Orthodox men. Not necessarily because he ideologically agrees, but because he needs the ultra-Orthodox parties.
This was evident last month, just before the recess. Netanyahu wanted to pass some controversial bills through parliament, but he needed the support of the ultra-Orthodox parties for that. According to Israeli media, in exchange for that support to the coalition, some laws important to the ultra-Orthodox community would also be pushed through.
The result was that among other things a law was passed that temporarily freezes the arrests of ultra-Orthodox draft dodgers. It led to much criticism and the Supreme Court still has to consider it. But it does show that the ultra-Orthodox parties have influence on Netanyahu.
No worries
Chilik Rosenberg is therefore not very worried about the statements of opposition leaders. "Everyone knows that it is impossible to make the entire ultra-Orthodox community subject to conscription." He leans back casually in the chair at the kitchen table. "They will eventually want to make a deal again, because politicians do everything to stay in power."